| Contraceptive prevalence (% of women ages 15-49) |
Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
Access only with subscription to WDI database |
| Contraceptive prevalence rate (Timeliness of reporting, years) |
Timeliness is defined as “for the most recently published estimate, number of years since the data were collected”. The timeliness standards were taken from the following source: Health Metrics Network (HMN).
2007. Framework and Standards for Country Health Information Systems. Second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. The HMN does not provide a standard for timeliness of reporting of contraceptive prevalence. Instead, the standard for timeliness of reporting of condom use with higher-risk sex was used: highly adequate if 0-1 year; adequate if 2-3 years; present but not adequate if 4 years or more; not adequate at all if there are no data. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
Access only with subscription to WDI database |
| Control of corruption |
Control of corruption measures the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests. |
The World Bank. Governance Indicators: 1996-2004. |
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata/ |
| Donor spending on health as % of total health spending |
External resources (or donor spending) are loans and grants for medical care and medical goods channelled through the Ministry of Health or other public agencies. Grants in-kind (capital equipment, pharmaceutical supplies and vaccines, technical assistance such as experts) should be estimated at their monetary values. Grants to non-governmental organizations should be accounted for as private (in practice, this is difficult). |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| DTP3 immunization coverage: one-year-olds immunized with three doses of diphtheria, tetanus toxoid (DTP3) and pertussis (%) |
DTP3 immunization coverage is the percentage of one-year-olds who have received three doses of the combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine in a given year. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Fertility rate, total (births per woman) |
The average number of children a hypothetical cohort of women would have at the end of their reproductive period if they were subject during their whole lives to the fertility rates of a given period and if they were not subject to mortality. It is expressed as children per woman. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| GDP growth (annual %) |
Annual percentage growth rate of
gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2005/index.html |
| GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) |
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant U.S. dollars. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
Access only with subscription to WDI database |
| Gini index |
Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
Access only with subscription to WDI database |
| Government effectiveness |
Government effectiveness measures the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. |
The World Bank. Governance Indicators: 1996-2004. |
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata/ |
| Government expenditure on health as % of total government expenditure |
Public Health Expenditure (PHE), or government expenditure on health, is the sum of outlays on health paid for by taxes, social security contributions and external resources (without double-counting the government transfers to social security and extra-budgetary funds). General Government Expenditure corresponds to the consolidated outlays of all levels of government: territorial authorities (Central/Federal Government, Provincial/Regional/State/District authorities, Municipal/ Local governments), social security institutions, and extra-budgetary funds, including capital outlays. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Government expenditure on pharmaceuticals (per capita at average exchange rate) in US$ |
Data estimates are all in US$ at average exchange rate values for the year 2000. |
WHO. 2004. The World Medicines Situation. |
http://w3.whosea.org/LinkFiles/Reports_World_Medicines_Situation.pdf |
| HIV prevalence among pregnant women ages 15-24 |
Percentage of blood samples taken from pregnant women (15-24 years) that test positive for HIV during "unlinked anonymous" sentinel surveillance at selected antenatal clinics. |
UNICEF. 2006. The State of the World's Children 2006. |
www.unicef.org/sowc06/index.php |
| HIV prevalence among pregnant women ages 15-24 (Timeliness of reporting, years) |
Timeliness is defined as “for the most recently published estimate, number of years since the data were collected”. The timeliness standards were taken from the following source: Health Metrics Network
(HMN). 2007. Framework and Standards for Country Health Information Systems. Second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. The timeliness standards set by the HMN for this indicator are: highly adequate if less than 2 years; adequate if 2 years; present but not adequate if 3-4 years; not adequate at all if 5 or more years. |
UNICEF. 2006. The State of the World's Children 2006. |
|
| Lab technicians (density per 1,000 population) |
Density of laboratory technicians per 1,000 population. Laboratory health workers includes laboratory scientists, laboratory assistants, laboratory technicians and radiographers. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Life expectancy at birth, total (years) |
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ |
| Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) |
Maternal mortality is the number of female deaths that occur during pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Maternal mortality ratio reported by national authorities (Timeliness of reporting, years) |
Timeliness is defined as “for the most recently published estimate, number of years since the data were collected”. The timeliness standards were taken from the following source: Health Metrics Network
(HMN). 2007. Framework and Standards for Country Health Information Systems. Second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. The timeliness standards set by the HMN for this indicator are: highly adequate if 0-2 years; adequate if 3-5 years; present but not adequate if 6-9 years; not adequate at all if 10 years or more. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
|
| Maternal mortality ratio reported by national authorities |
Annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births. This shows country reported figures that are not adjusted for underreporting and misclassification. |
UNICEF. 2006. The State of the World's Children 2006. |
www.unicef.org/sowc06/index.php |
| Midwives (density per 1,000 population) |
Density of midwives per 1,000 population. Midwives: includes professional midwives, auxiliary midwives and enrolled midwives. Traditional birth attendants, who are counted as community health workers, appear elsewhere. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) |
Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ |
| Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) |
Under-5 mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ |
| Mortality rate under-5 (Timeliness of reporting, years) |
Timeliness is defined as “for the most recently published estimate, number of years since the data were collected”. The timeliness standards were taken from the following source: Health Metrics Network. 2007. Framework and Standards for Country Health Information Systems. Second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. The timeliness standards set by the HMN for this indicator are: highly adequate if 0-2 years; adequate if 3-5 years; present but not adequate if 6-9 years; not adequate at all if 10 years or more. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
|
| Number of hospital beds (per 10,000 population) |
Number of in-patient beds per 10,000 population. Hospital beds include in-patient and maternity beds. Maternity beds are included while cots and delivery beds are excluded. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Number of hospital beds (Timeliness of reporting, years) |
Timeliness is defined as “for the most recently published estimate, number of years since the data were collected”. The timeliness standards were taken from the following source: Health Metrics Network. 2007. Framework and Standards for Country Health Information Systems. Second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. The HMN does not provide a standard for timeliness of reporting of the number of hospital beds. Instead, the standard for when the national database of facilities was last updated was used: highly adequate if less than 2 years; adequate if 2-3 years; present but not adequate if more than 3 years; not adequate at all if there is no national database or if no data is available. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
|
| Nurses (density per 1,000 population) |
Density of nurses per 1,000 population. Nurses: includes professional nurses, auxiliary nurses, enrolled nurses and other nurses, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of private expenditure on health |
Out-of-pocket expenditure is the direct outlays of households including gratuities and payments in-kind made to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or to the enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. Includes household payments to public services, non-profit institutions or non-governmental organizations\
excludes payments made by enterprises which deliver medical and paramedical benefits, mandated by law or not, to their employees. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of total expenditure on health |
Out-of-pocket expenditure is the direct outlays of households including gratuities and payments in-kind made to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or to the enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. Includes household payments to public services, non-profit institutions or non-governmental organisations, excludes payments made by enterprises which deliver medical and paramedical benefits, mandated by law or not, to their employees. This indicator was calculated using the following formula: [Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of private expenditure on health]*[Private expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health]/100. |
Calculated from the World Health Report-2006 |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Per capita total expenditure on health at international dollar rate |
Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Per capita total health expenditure, at average exchange rate (US$) |
Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Expenditure on Health (PHE) and Private Health Expenditure (PvtHE). |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel per year |
Percentage of live births attended by skilled health personnel in a given period of time. A skilled birth attendant is an accredited health professional - such as a midwife, doctor or nurse - who has been educated and trained to proficiency in the skills needed to manage normal (uncomplicated) pregnancies, childbirth and the immediate postnatal period, and in the identification, management and referral of complications in women and newborns. Traditional birth attendants, trained or not, are excluded from the category of skilled attendant at delivery. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ |
| Percentage of surveillance reports received at the national level from districts compared to number of reports expected |
The Health Metrics Network (HMN) does not provide a standard for reporting of percentage of surveillance reports received at the national level from districts compared to number of reports expected. Instead, the standard for “percentage of districts submitting weekly or monthly surveillance reports on time to the next higher level” was used: highly adequate if 90% or more; adequate if 75%-89%; present but not adequate if 25-74%; not adequate at all if less than 25%. This indicator is used by the HMN to assess the dimension of Capacity and Practices (defined as: Does capacity in country exist to collect the data, and analyze and manage the results? Are standards applied for data collection? Is documentation available, accessible and of high quality?) of the health and disease records (including disease surveillance systems). |
WHO. 2005. Annual WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form. |
www.who.int/entity/immunization_monitoring/data/indicator_data.xls [Indicator GSA26] |
| Pharmacists (density per 1,000 population) |
Density of pharmacists per 1,000 population. Pharmacists: includes pharmacists, pharmaceutical assistants and pharmaceutical technicians. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Physicians (density per 1,000 population) |
Density of physicians per 1,000 population. Physicians: includes generalists and specialists. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Political stability |
Political stability and absence of violence measures the perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence and terrorism. |
The World Bank. Governance Indicators: 1996-2004. |
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata/ |
| Population growth (annual %) |
Annual population growth rate. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ |
| Population, total |
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship - except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ |
| Pregnant women who received 1+ antenatal care visits (%) |
Percentage of women who utilized antenatal care provided by skilled health personnel for reasons related to pregnancy at least once during pregnancy as a percentage of live births in a given time period. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Pregnant women who received 4+ antenatal care visits (%) |
Percentage of women who utilized antenatal care provided by skilled health personnel for reasons related to pregnancy at least four times during pregnancy as a percentage of live births in a given time period. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) |
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ |
| Private expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health |
Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE) comprises the outlays of insurers and third-party payers other than social security, mandated employer health services and other enterprise provided health services, non-profit institutions and non-governmental organizations
financed health care, private investments in medical care facilities and household out-of-pocket spending. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Private expenditure on pharmaceuticals (per capita at average exchange rate) in US$ |
Data estimates are all in US$ at average exchange rate values for the year 2000. |
WHO. 2004. The World Medicines Situation. |
http://w3.whosea.org/LinkFiles/Reports_World_Medicines_Situation.pdf |
| Proportion of children under 5 years who are underweight for age |
Percentage of children underweight describes how many children under five years have a weight-for-age below minus two standard deviations of the NCHS/WHO reference median. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Proportion of children under 5 years who are underweight for age (Timeliness of reporting, years) |
Timeliness is defined as “for the most recently published estimate, number of years since the data were collected”. The timeliness standards were taken from the following source: Health Metrics Network
(HMN). 2007. Framework and Standards for Country Health Information Systems. Second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. The timeliness standards set by the HMN for this indicator are: highly adequate if 0-2 years; adequate if 3-5 years; present but not adequate if 6-9 years; not adequate at all if 10 years or more. |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
|
| Public (government) spending on health as % of total health expenditure |
Public Health Expenditure (PHE) is the sum of outlays on health paid for by taxes, social security contributions and external resources (without double-counting the government transfers to social security and extra-budgetary funds). |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Regulatory quality |
Regulatory quality measures the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. |
The World Bank. Governance Indicators: 1996-2004. |
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata/ |
| Rule of law |
Rule of law measures the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. |
The World Bank. Governance Indicators: 1996-2004. |
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata/ |
| Rural population (% of total) |
Rural population is calculated as the difference between the total population and the urban population. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
Access only with subscription to WDI database |
| Total expenditure on health as % of GDP |
Total health expenditure is the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Health Expenditure (PvtHE). |
WHO. 2006. The World Health Report. |
WHO Statistical Information System (www3.who.int/whosis - Select Core Indicators), or WHR website (www.who.int/whr/en) |
| Total expenditure on pharmaceuticals (% total expenditure on health) |
Data estimates are all in US$ at average exchange rate values for the year 2000. |
WHO. 2004. The World Medicines Situation. |
http://w3.whosea.org/LinkFiles/Reports_World_Medicines_Situation.pdf |
| Total expenditure on pharmaceuticals (per capita at average exchange rate) in US$ |
Data estimates are all in US$ at average exchange rate values for the year 2000. |
WHO. 2004. The World Medicines Situation. |
http://w3.whosea.org/LinkFiles/Reports_World_Medicines_Situation.pdf |
| Urban population (% of total) |
Urban population is the midyear population of areas defined as urban in each country and reported to the United Nations. |
The World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators. |
Access only with subscription to WDI database |
| Voice and accountability |
Voice and accountability measures the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. |
The World Bank. Governance Indicators: 1996-2004. |
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata/ |
